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Microsoft .NET Framework includes a set of standard class libraries . The class library is organized in a hierarchy of namespaces. Most of the built in APIs are part of either System.* or Microsoft.* namespaces. It encapsulates a large number of common functions, such as file reading and writing, graphic rendering, database interaction, and XML document manipulation, among others. The .NET class libraries are available to all .NET languages. The .NET Framework class library is divided into two parts: the Base Class Library and the Framework Class Library .

The Base Class Library (BCL) includes a small subset of the entire class library and is the core set of classes that serve as the basic API of the Common Language Runtime. The classes in mscorlib.dll and some of the classes in System.dll and System.core.dll are considered to be a part of the BCL. The BCL classes are available in both .NET Framework as well as its alternative implementations including .NET Compact Framework, Microsoft Silverlight and Mono.

The Framework Class Library (FCL) is a superset of the BCL classes and refers to the entire class library that ships with .NET Framework. It includes an expanded set of libraries, including WinForms, ADO.NET, ASP.NET, Language Integrated Query, Windows Presentation Foundation, Windows Communication Foundation among others. The FCL is much larger in scope than standard libraries for languages like C++, and comparable in scope to the standard libraries of Java.

Memory management

The .NET Framework CLR frees the developer from the burden of managing memory (allocating and freeing up when done); instead it does the memory management itself. To this end, the memory allocated to instantiations of .NET types (objects) is done contiguously from the managed heap, a pool of memory managed by the CLR. As long as there exists a reference to an object, which might be either a direct reference to an object or via a graph of objects, the object is considered to be in use by the CLR. When there is no reference to an object, and it cannot be reached or used, it becomes garbage. However, it still holds on to the memory allocated to it. .NET Framework includes a garbage collector which runs periodically, on a separate thread from the application's thread, that enumerates all the unusable objects and reclaims the memory allocated to them.

The .NET Garbage Collector (GC) is a non-deterministic, compacting, mark-and-sweep garbage collector. The GC runs only when a certain amount of memory has been used or there is enough pressure for memory on the system. Since it is not guaranteed when the conditions to reclaim memory are reached, the GC runs are non-deterministic. Each .NET application has a set of roots, which are pointers to objects on the managed heap ( managed objects ). These include references to static objects and objects defined as local variables or method parameters currently in scope, as well as objects referred to by CPU registers. When the GC runs, it pauses the application, and for each object referred to in the root, it recursively enumerates all the objects reachable from the root objects and marks them as reachable. It uses .NET metadata and reflection to discover the objects encapsulated by an object, and then recursively walk them. It then enumerates all the objects on the heap (which were initially allocated contiguously) using reflection. All objects not marked as reachable are garbage. This is the mark phase. Since the memory held by garbage is not of any consequence, it is considered free space. However, this leaves chunks of free space between objects which were initially contiguous. The objects are then compacted together, by using memcpy to copy them over to the free space to make them contiguous again. Any reference to an object invalidated by moving the object is updated to reflect the new location by the GC. The application is resumed after the garbage collection is over.

The GC used by .NET Framework is actually generational . Objects are assigned a generation ; newly created objects belong to Generation 0 . The objects that survive a garbage collection are tagged as Generation 1 , and the Generation 1 objects that survive another collection are Generation 2 objects. The .NET Framework uses up to Generation 2 objects. Higher generation objects are garbage collected less frequently than lower generation objects. This helps increase the efficiency of garbage collection, as older objects tend to have a larger lifetime than newer objects. Thus, by removing older (and thus more likely to survive a collection) objects from the scope of a collection run, fewer objects need to be checked and compacted.

Standardization and licensing

In August 2000, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, and Intel worked to standardize CLI and the C# programming language. By December 2001, both were ratified ECMA standards (ECMA 335 and ECMA 334). ISO followed in April 2003 - the current version of the ISO standards are ( and ).

While Microsoft and their partners hold patents for the CLI and C#, ECMA and ISO require that all patents essential to implementation be made available under "reasonable and non-discriminatory terms." In addition to meeting these terms, the companies have agreed to make the patents available royalty-free.

However, this does not apply for the part of the .NET Framework which is not covered by the ECMA/ISO standard, which includes Windows Forms, ADO.NET, and ASP.NET. Patents that Microsoft holds in these areas may deter non-Microsoft implementations of the full framework.

On October 3, 2007, Microsoft announced that much of the source code for the .NET Framework Base Class Library (including ASP.NET, ADO.NET and Windows Presentation Foundation) will be made available with the final release of Visual Studio 2008 towards the end of 2007 under the shared source Microsoft Reference License. The source code for other libraries including Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) and Language Integrated Query (LINQ) will be added in future releases. Being released under the Microsoft Reference License means this source code is made available for debugging purpose only, primarily to support integrated debugging of the BCL in Visual Studio.

Versions

Microsoft started development on the .NET Framework in the late 1990s originally under the name of Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS). By late 2000 the first beta versions of .NET 1.0 were released.

• Comparison of the Java and .NET platforms
• J2EE
• Common Language Infrastructure
• CLI Languages
• Mono (software)
• COM Interop

• Base Class Library
• ADO.NET
• ASP.NET
• Windows Presentation Foundation
• Windows Communication Foundation
• Windows Workflow Foundation
• Windows CardSpace
• Microsoft Enterprise Library - A collection of supplemental libraries for .NET.
• Web Services Enhancements

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Scott Guthrie. "Releasing the Source Code for the NET Framework". Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
2. ^ Microsoft. "Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5 Administrator Deployment Guide". Retrieved on 2008-06-26.
3. ^ Microsoft has also previously released implementations of .NET 1.0 that could run on some Unix-based platforms such as FreeBSD and Mac OS X, but license restrictions limited these to educational use only, and they are no more available since .NET 1.1
4. ^ "ECMA 335 - Standard ECMA-335 Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)". ECMA (2006-06-01). Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
5. ^ ISO/IEC 23271:2006
6. ^ "Technical Report TR/84 Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) - Information Derived from Partition IV XML File". ECMA (2006-06-01).
7. ^ "ECMA-334 C# Language Specification". ECMA (2006-06-01).
8. ^ "Standard ECMA-372 C++/CLI Language Specification". ECMA (2005-12-01).
9. ^ ^{a b} "Base Class Library". Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
10. ^ ^{a b c d} The distinction between BCL and FCL was clarified via a private email communiqué between Soum with a Microsoft employee. A copy of the emails exchanged can be viewed here: The .NET Class Library Confusion.
11. ^ ^{a b c d} "Garbage Collection: Automatic Memory Management in the Microsoft .NET Framework". Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
12. ^ ^{a b c} "Garbage collection in .NET". Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
13. ^ ^{a b c d} "Garbage Collection—Part 2: Automatic Memory Management in the Microsoft .NET Framework". Archived from

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